Linguistics: Its Origin, Types, and Modern Branches علم اللغة: النشأة والأنواع والمباحث الحديثة

الملخص

This scholarly article investigates the genesis, typologies, and contemporary branches of linguistics through the lens of Qur'anic studies. It commences by tracing the etymological roots of the Arabic term lugha and proceeds to examine classical and modern conceptualizations of language and linguistics. The study meticulously documents the historical trajectory of linguistic inquiry across civilizations—from Greek and Indian traditions through Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, and Hebrew contributions, culminating in medieval European scholarship and the distinguished Arab grammatical tradition. The article identifies four foundational domains of linguistics—phonetics, morphology, syntax, and semantics—and rigorously applies them to selected Qur'anic formulations, particularly Sūrat al-Fātiḥa. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research demonstrates that the Holy Qur'an has historically functioned as the principal catalyst for Arabic phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic investigation. The study concludes that classical Arabic linguistic scholarship exhibits remarkable methodological congruence with modern linguistic paradigms, and that Qur'anic discourse constitutes an inexhaustible repository for contemporary linguistic analysis.