Water Security Challenges in Pakistan: A Growing Concern

Abstract

Pakistan is confronting an acute water crisis that imperils its economic stability, food security, and social fabric. The per capita water availability has plummeted to below 1,000 cubic meters, classifying it among the most water‑stressed nations. Rapid population growth, erratic climate patterns manifesting as prolonged droughts and devastating floods, antiquated irrigation infrastructure, and chronic inter‑provincial disputes over water sharing compound the predicament. This study asserts that without urgent reforms, the looming scarcity will undermine agricultural output, industrial productivity, and human well‑being, thus threatening national security. The significance of addressing this challenge lies in its potential to sustain livelihoods, ensure food self‑sufficiency, and foster regional stability. Adopting a mixed‑methods approach, the research combines quantitative analysis of hydrological data, climate models, and policy documents with qualitative interviews of stakeholders from federal and provincial water agencies, farmers, and civil society organizations. Findings reveal systemic governance gaps, inefficient water allocation mechanisms, and low adaptive capacity to climate change, while highlighting successful pilot projects in water conservation and community-based management as scalable solutions. The study underscores the imperative of integrated water resource management, institutional coordination, and policy overhaul to safeguard Pakistan’s water future.